设计说明书
总字数：14000+
摘要
火灾是威胁人们生命财产安全的重大隐患，在各类场所中都可能突然发生，一旦火势蔓延，将造成难以估量的损失。因此，研发一种能实时检测火灾相关参数、及时响应并传递信息的系统，对于火灾的早期发现和控制具有重要意义。
本设计提出了一种基于 STM32F103C8T6 单片机的火灾检测系统。系统主要功能包括：通过 DS18B20 检测当前环境的温度，实时掌握环境温度变化；借助烟雾检测模块检测当前环境的烟雾浓度，捕捉火灾初期的烟雾信号；利用火焰检测模块检测当前环境的火焰，当检测到有火焰时，控制相关设备使小车停止，并自动打开水泵进行灭火操作；通过水位监测模块监测当前蓄水箱的水位，确保灭火过程中有充足的水源；依靠超声波控制小车自动避障，保障小车在火灾现场的顺利移动；同时，系统通过 4G 模块将测量到的各类数据发送到手机端，实现远程实时监控。
该火灾检测系统的作用在于，为火灾的早期检测和应急处理提供了有力支持。通过及时检测温度、烟雾、火焰等关键参数，快速启动灭火措施并传输信息，能够有效延缓火势蔓延，为人员疏散和火灾扑救争取时间，降低火灾造成的损失，提高火灾应对的及时性和有效性。
关键词：火灾检测；STM32F103C8T6；实时监测；物联网；自动灭火
Design of Fire Detection System Based on Single Chip Microcomputer
Abstract
Fire is a major hidden danger that threatens people’s lives and property safety. It can suddenly occur in various places, and once the fire spreads, it will cause incalculable losses. Therefore, developing a system that can detect fire related parameters in real time, respond promptly, and transmit information is of great significance for early detection and control of fires.
This design proposes a fire detection system based on STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller. The main functions of the system include: detecting the temperature of the current environment through DS18B20 and real-time monitoring of temperature changes in the environment; Using a smoke detection module to detect the current smoke concentration in the environment and capture smoke signals in the early stages of a fire; Use the flame detection module to detect the flames in the current environment. When a flame is detected, control the relevant equipment to stop the car and automatically turn on the water pump to extinguish the fire; Monitor the water level of the current storage tank through the water level monitoring module to ensure sufficient water supply during the fire extinguishing process; Relying on ultrasound to control the automatic obstacle avoidance of the car, ensuring the smooth movement of the car at the fire scene; At the same time, the system sends various measured data to the mobile phone through the 4G module to achieve remote real-time monitoring.
The function of this fire detection system is to provide strong support for early detection and emergency response of fires. By timely detecting key parameters such as temperature, smoke, and flames, quickly initiating fire extinguishing measures and transmitting information, it can effectively delay the spread of fire, buy time for personnel evacuation and fire fighting, reduce losses caused by fires, and improve the timeliness and effectiveness of fire response.
Keywords：fire detection; STM32F103C8T6； Real time monitoring; Internet of Things; Automatic fire extinguishing
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 温度检测模块电路设计
3.4 烟雾检测模块电路设计
3.5 火焰检测模块电路设计
3.6 水位监测模块电路设计
3.7 超声波传感器电路设计
3.8 4G 模块电路设计
3.9 水泵控制模块电路设计
3.10 小车驱动模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 超声波检测模块子流程设计
4.4 直流电机速度调节子流程设计
4.5 温度检测模块子流程设计
4.6 ADC模数转换子流程设计
4.7 4G模块联网子流程设计
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 温度检测功能测试
5.3 烟雾检测功能测试
5.4 火焰检测与灭火功能测试
5.5 水位监测功能测试
5.6 超声波避障功能测试
5.7 4G 数据传输功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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