设计说明书
总字数：17000+
摘要
在骑行、轮滑等户外运动场景中，安全防护与环境适应是保障使用者安全的核心需求。光照不足易导致视野受限，后方来车预警不及时可能引发碰撞事故，传统头盔仅具备基础防护功能，难以应对复杂环境下的安全挑战。因此，研发一款集成环境感知、安全预警与便捷交互的智能头盔具有重要实用价值。
本设计提出一种基于 STM32F103C8T6 单片机的智能头盔。系统主要功能包括：通过5516 光敏电阻模块获取环境光照值，当光照值低于设置最小值时自动开启照明灯；借助GPS 模块获取实时经纬度并显示在显示屏上；利用HC-R04 超声波模块检测后方来车距离，当距离小于设置最小值时，通过 OLED 显示屏显示 “后方来车”，同时触发CN-TTS 语音播报模块进行语音警示；用户可通过按键模块设置各参数阈值并触发经纬度播报；所有测量数据通过OLED 显示屏实时展示；系统采用太阳能板实现自主供电。
该智能头盔的作用在于，为户外运动爱好者提供了全方位的安全辅助与环境适应工具。通过实时的光照调节、来车预警和定位显示，能够有效降低意外风险，提升运动安全性；太阳能供电设计增强了设备的续航能力与使用便捷性，为户外运动提供可靠保障。
关键词：单片机；智能头盔；光照调节；来车预警；GPS 定位
Design of Intelligent Helmet Based on Single Chip Microcomputer
Abstract
In outdoor sports scenarios such as cycling and roller skating, safety protection and environmental adaptation are the core requirements for ensuring user safety. Insufficient lighting can easily lead to limited visibility, and delayed warning of oncoming vehicles may cause collision accidents. Traditional helmets only have basic protective functions and are difficult to cope with safety challenges in complex environments. Therefore, developing an intelligent helmet that integrates environmental perception, safety warning, and convenient interaction has important practical value.
This design proposes an intelligent helmet based on STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller. The main functions of the system include: obtaining the ambient light value through the 5516 photoresistor module, and automatically turning on the lighting when the light value is lower than the set minimum value; Using GPS module to obtain real-time latitude and longitude and display them on the screen; Use the HC-R04 ultrasonic module to detect the distance of oncoming vehicles from behind. When the distance is less than the set minimum value, the OLED display screen will show “oncoming vehicles from behind” and trigger the CN-TTS voice broadcast module for voice warning; Users can set various parameter thresholds and trigger latitude and longitude broadcasts through the button module; All measurement data is displayed in real-time on an OLED screen; The system uses solar panels to achieve autonomous power supply.
The function of this smart helmet is to provide comprehensive safety assistance and environmental adaptation tools for outdoor sports enthusiasts. By adjusting real-time lighting, warning of incoming vehicles, and displaying location information, the risk of accidents can be effectively reduced and the safety of sports can be improved; The solar powered design enhances the endurance and convenience of the equipment, providing reliable support for outdoor sports.
Keywords：microcontroller; Smart helmet; Light regulation; Vehicle arrival warning; GPS positioning
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 光照检测与照明模块电路设计
3.4 GPS 定位模块电路设计
3.5 超声波测距模块电路设计
3.6 语音播报模块电路设计
3.7 显示模块电路设计
3.8 按键模块电路设计
3.9 太阳能供电模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 独立按键
4.4 OLED显示流程设计
4.5 超声波检测模块子流程设计
4.6 GPS模块子流程设计
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 光照检测与照明功能测试
5.3 GPS 定位与显示功能测试
5.4 超声波测距与语音报警功能测试
5.5 按键交互功能测试
5.6 显示功能综合测试
5.7 太阳能供电功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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