设计说明书
总字数：17000+
摘要
在现代农业发展进程中，精准化种植管理成为提升作物产量与品质的关键。传统农业种植中，水肥药的施加多依赖经验判断，存在资源浪费、施肥不均、环境污染等问题，难以满足现代农业高效、绿色的发展需求。土壤环境参数（如温度、水分、养分含量等）的实时监测与精准调控，是实现科学种植的基础，若不能及时掌握土壤状态并采取针对性措施，将直接影响作物生长态势。因此，研发一种集成土壤监测、自动调控、远程管理功能的水肥药控制系统具有重要的现实意义。
本设计提出了一种基于 STM32F103C8T6 单片机的物联网水肥药控制系统。系统主要功能包括：通过 RS485 土壤环境监测模块实时采集土壤温度、水分、电导率、PH 值及氮磷钾含量等关键参数，当土壤水分低于预设最小值时，自动触发水泵继电器进行灌溉，直至水分达到最大值；当检测到氮磷钾中任意一种养分低于阈值时，对应肥料继电器自动启动，实现精准施肥。通过摄像头模块提供作物生长现场的远程视频监控，方便用户直观掌握田间状况；按键模块支持本地阈值设置、灌溉启停、肥料添加及农药喷洒的手动控制；OLED 显示屏分区实时展示各项土壤参数与设备工作状态；借助 WiFi 模块将监测数据上传至阿里云平台，再同步至手机端，用户可通过手机远程设置参数、控制灌溉、肥料添加及农药喷洒等 5 路继电器设备。
该水肥药控制系统的作用在于，构建了 “土壤监测 – 自动调控 – 远程管理” 的智能化种植管理体系。通过精准感知土壤环境并自动执行水肥药调控，减少资源浪费与环境污染，提升种植效率；远程视频监控与数据管理功能，打破了时空限制，方便用户随时随地掌握田间状况并进行精准操作。为现代农业提供了高效、智能的种植管理解决方案，助力农业生产向精准化、绿色化转型，推动农业可持续发展。
关键词：物联网；水肥药控制；土壤监测；远程控制
Design and Implementation of Water and Fertilizer Control System Based on Internet of Things
Abstract
In the process of modern agricultural development, precision planting management has become the key to improving crop yield and quality. In traditional agricultural planting, the application of water, fertilizer, and medicine relies heavily on empirical judgment, which leads to problems such as resource waste, uneven fertilization, and environmental pollution, making it difficult to meet the needs of efficient and green development in modern agriculture. Real time monitoring and precise regulation of soil environmental parameters (such as temperature, moisture, nutrient content, etc.) are the foundation for achieving scientific planting. If the soil status cannot be timely grasped and targeted measures cannot be taken, it will directly affect the growth trend of crops. Therefore, developing a water and fertilizer control system that integrates soil monitoring, automatic regulation, and remote management functions has important practical significance.
This design proposes an IoT water and fertilizer control system based on STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller. The main functions of the system include: real-time collection of key parameters such as soil temperature, moisture, conductivity, pH value, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content through the RS485 soil environment monitoring module. When the soil moisture is below the preset minimum value, the water pump relay is automatically triggered for irrigation until the moisture reaches the maximum value; When any nutrient in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is detected to be below the threshold, the corresponding fertilizer relay will automatically start to achieve precise fertilization. Provide remote video monitoring of crop growth site through camera module, making it convenient for users to intuitively grasp the field conditions; The button module supports manual control of local threshold settings, irrigation start stop, fertilizer addition, and pesticide spraying; The OLED display screen partitions and displays various soil parameters and equipment working status in real-time; By using WiFi modules to upload monitoring data to the Alibaba Cloud platform, and then synchronizing it to the mobile phone, users can remotely set parameters, control irrigation, fertilizer addition, pesticide spraying, and other 5 relay devices through their mobile phones.
The function of this water and fertilizer control system is to construct an intelligent planting management system of “soil monitoring automatic regulation remote management”. By accurately sensing the soil environment and automatically implementing water and fertilizer regulation, we can reduce resource waste and environmental pollution, and improve planting efficiency; The remote video monitoring and data management function breaks the limitations of time and space, making it convenient for users to grasp the field conditions anytime and anywhere and perform precise operations. Provided efficient and intelligent planting management solutions for modern agriculture, assisting in the transformation of agricultural production towards precision and green, and promoting sustainable agricultural development.
Keywords： Internet of Things; Water and fertilizer control; Soil monitoring; Remote control
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 土壤环境监测模块电路设计
3.4 执行控制模块电路设计
3.5 显示模块电路设计
3.6 交互模块电路设计
3.7 远程通信模块电路设计
3.8 摄像头模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 OLED显示子流程设计
4.4 独立按键子流程设计
4.5 土壤环境检测模块子流程设计
4.6 WiFi模块子流程设计
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 土壤环境监测及显示功能测试
5.3 自动灌溉与施肥功能测试
5.4 远程监控与控制功能测试
5.5 按键设置与农药喷洒功能测试
5.6 视频监控与异常报警功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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