设计说明书
总字数：13000+
摘要
随着便携式电子设备的普及和绿色能源理念的深入，利用太阳能进行充电的需求日益增长。传统充电器依赖电网供电，在户外等无市电场景下使用受限，而普通太阳能充电设备常存在充电效率低、缺乏安全保护机制等问题，可能导致电池过充或设备损坏。因此，研发一款高效、安全且适配户外场景的太阳能充电器具有重要的实用价值。
本设计提出一种基于 STM32F103C8T6 单片机的太阳能充电器。系统核心功能包括：通过太阳能板收集能量，经 MPPT 模块优化后为锂电池充电，提升能源利用效率；锂电池通过外接 USB 接口为手机等设备供电，实现能量的二次利用；借助 INA219 电压电流检测模块实时监测充电过程中的电压和电流值，当检测值超过预设最大值时，触发声光报警（连续 3 声）并通过继电器自动切断充电回路；通过按键可手动设置各参数阈值及控制充电启停；采用 OLED 显示屏实时展示充电电压、电流、电池状态等数据。
该太阳能充电器的作用在于为用户提供清洁高效的充电解决方案。通过 MPPT 技术提高太阳能利用率，满足户外用电需求；完善的过压过流保护机制保障充电安全，避免设备损坏；直观的显示与便捷的按键操作提升用户体验。此设计不仅实现了太阳能到电能的高效转换与利用，还通过智能化控制增强了使用安全性，为绿色能源在便携式充电领域的应用提供了实用方案。
关键词：单片机；太阳能充电器；MPPT 技术；安全保护；电压电流检测
Abstract
With the popularization of portable electronic devices and the deepening of green energy concepts, the demand for using solar energy for charging is increasing day by day. Traditional chargers rely on power supply from the grid and are limited in use in outdoor and other scenarios without mains electricity. However, ordinary solar charging devices often have problems such as low charging efficiency and lack of safety protection mechanisms, which may lead to battery overcharging or device damage. Therefore, developing an efficient, safe, and outdoor compatible solar charger has significant practical value.
This design proposes a solar charger based on STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller. The core functions of the system include: collecting energy through solar panels, optimizing it through MPPT modules to charge lithium batteries, and improving energy utilization efficiency; Lithium batteries supply power to devices such as mobile phones through an external USB interface, achieving secondary utilization of energy; Real time monitoring of voltage and current values during the charging process using the INA219 voltage and current detection module. When the detection value exceeds the preset maximum value, an audible and visual alarm (3 consecutive sounds) is triggered and the charging circuit is automatically cut off through a relay; By pressing the button, various parameter thresholds can be manually set and charging start/stop can be controlled; Adopting OLED display screen to display real-time data such as charging voltage, current, battery status, etc.
The function of this solar charger is to provide users with a clean and efficient charging solution. Improve solar energy utilization through MPPT technology to meet outdoor electricity demand; A comprehensive overvoltage and overcurrent protection mechanism ensures charging safety and avoids equipment damage; The intuitive display and convenient button operation enhance the user experience. This design not only achieves efficient conversion and utilization of solar energy to electrical energy, but also enhances safety through intelligent control, providing a practical solution for the application of green energy in the field of portable charging.
Keywords：microcontroller; Solar charger; MPPT technology; safeguard; Voltage and current detection
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 MPPT 充电模块电路设计
3.4 锂电池与 USB 输出模块电路设计
3.5 INA219 电压电流检测模块电路设计
3.6 继电器控制模块电路设计
3.7 声光报警模块电路设计
3.8 按键模块电路设计
3.9 显示模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 OLED显示子流程设计
4.4 独立按键子流程设计
4.5 电压电流模块子流程设计
4.6 定时器子流程设计
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 太阳能充电与供电功能测试
5.3 电压电流检测及显示功能测试
5.4 声光报警与继电器保护功能测试
5.5 按键交互与阈值设置功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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