设计说明书
总字数：17000+
摘要
随着城市化进程加快，楼宇建筑高度与复杂度不断提升，火灾隐患对人员生命与财产安全的威胁愈发显著。温度异常升高与一氧化碳（CO）泄漏是火灾早期的典型特征，若不能及时监测并处置，火势蔓延后将造成难以挽回的损失。因此，研发一种能实时监测火灾隐患、自动预警并联动处置的楼宇火灾监测报警系统，具有重要的安全防护意义。
本设计提出了一种基于 STC89C52 单片机的楼宇火灾监测报警系统（实物）。系统主要功能包括：通过 DS18B20 温度检测模块实时采集环境温度，精准捕捉温度异常变化；借助 MQ-7 传感器检测环境中 CO 浓度，及时发现火灾早期有毒气体泄漏；通过 DS1302 时钟模块获取当前时间，为火灾事件提供时间标注；当检测到温度或 CO 浓度超过设置最大值时，系统立即启动声光报警提醒，同时自动控制继电器驱动抽水装置进行灭火，并通过 ECBO2 蓝牙模块将监测数据传输至手机端，同步推送火灾预警信息；通过 LCD1602 显示屏实时展示温度、CO 浓度的测量值与预设最大值，方便现场查看；支持通过按键灵活设置温度与 CO 浓度的报警阈值，适配不同楼宇场景需求。
该楼宇火灾监测报警系统的作用在于，构建了 “早期监测 – 自动预警 – 联动处置 – 远程反馈” 的火灾防护体系。通过实时监测火灾早期特征参数，结合本地报警与远程数据传输，能帮助管理人员快速掌握火情并启动处置措施，有效降低火灾蔓延风险，为楼宇安全运行提供可靠保障。
关键词：单片机；楼宇火灾监测；温度检测；CO 检测；自动报警
Design and Implementation of Building Fire Monitoring and Alarm System
Abstract
With the acceleration of urbanization, the height and complexity of buildings continue to increase, and the threat of fire hazards to the safety of people’s lives and property is becoming increasingly significant. Abnormal temperature rise and carbon monoxide (CO) leakage are typical characteristics of early fires. If not monitored and dealt with in a timely manner, the spread of the fire will cause irreparable losses. Therefore, developing a building fire monitoring and alarm system that can monitor fire hazards in real time, automatically warn and handle them in a coordinated manner has important safety protection significance.
This design proposes a building fire monitoring and alarm system (physical) based on STC89C52 microcontroller. The main functions of the system include: real-time collection of environmental temperature through DS18B20 temperature detection module, accurate capture of temperature abnormal changes; Using MQ-7 sensors to detect CO concentration in the environment and promptly detect early toxic gas leaks during fires; Obtain the current time through the DS1302 clock module to provide time annotation for fire events; When the temperature or CO concentration exceeds the set maximum value, the system immediately starts the sound and light alarm reminder, and automatically controls the relay to drive the pumping device to extinguish the fire. The monitoring data is transmitted to the mobile phone through the ECBO2 Bluetooth module, and the fire warning information is synchronously pushed; Real time display of temperature and CO concentration measurement values and preset maximum values through the LCD1602 display screen, facilitating on-site viewing; Support flexible setting of temperature and CO concentration alarm thresholds through buttons, adapting to different building scene requirements.
The function of the building fire monitoring and alarm system is to establish a fire protection system of “early monitoring automatic warning linkage disposal remote feedback”. By real-time monitoring of early fire characteristic parameters, combined with local alarms and remote data transmission, it can help management personnel quickly grasp the fire situation and initiate disposal measures, effectively reducing the risk of fire spread and providing reliable guarantees for the safe operation of buildings.
Keywords：microcontroller; Building fire monitoring; Temperature detection; CO detection; automatic alarm
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 温度检测模块电路设计
3.4 CO 浓度检测模块电路设计
3.5 时钟模块电路设计
3.6 显示模块电路设计
3.7 按键模块电路设计
3.8 声光报警模块电路设计
3.9 继电器控制模块电路设计
3.10 蓝牙通信模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 独立按键
4.4 A/D模数转换子流程
4.5 温度检测模块子流程
4.6 LCD1602液晶显示子流程
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 温度检测及显示功能测试
5.3 CO 浓度检测及显示功能测试
5.4 时钟与按键设置功能测试
5.5 声光报警与继电器联动功能测试
5.6 蓝牙数据传输功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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