设计说明书
总字数：16000+
摘要
在视障人群日常出行场景中，障碍物碰撞与深坑坠落是主要安全隐患，传统导盲杖仅能探测近距离地面障碍，对远距离障碍物、隐蔽深坑及定位求助缺乏有效应对能力，易导致出行风险。随着无障碍设施建设推进，视障人群对 “精准探测、实时预警、紧急求助” 的智能导盲工具需求愈发迫切。因此，研发一款集成多维度障碍探测、定位与求助功能的基于单片机的导盲手杖，对保障视障人群出行安全、提升生活自主性具有重要现实意义。
本设计提出了一种基于 STM32F103C8T6 单片机的超声波红外线导盲手杖。系统主要功能包括：通过 HC-R04 超声波传感器检测前方障碍物距离，距离小于设定最小值时，CN-TTS 语音模块播报 “前方有障碍物，请注意避让”；借助 E18-D80NK 光电红外传感器识别前方深坑，存在深坑时触发语音提醒 “前方有深坑，请注意躲避”；通过 ATGM332D-5N GPS 模块实时获取当前定位信息；支持按键触发定位发送功能，结合 SIM900A 短信模块，可将定位信息发送至监护人手机，监护人发送指定短信也能自动获取手杖当前定位，实现双向定位交互。
该导盲手杖的作用在于，为视障人群提供了一种多维度、智能化的出行辅助工具。通过精准的障碍探测与语音预警，减少碰撞与坠落风险；定位与短信求助功能打破空间限制，让监护人实时掌握视障者位置，增强出行安全感，助力视障人群更独立、安全地参与社会活动。
关键词：单片机；导盲手杖；超声波探测；红外深坑识别；GPS 定位
Design of Guide Cane Based on Ultrasonic and Infrared Waves
Abstract
In the daily travel scenarios of visually impaired people, obstacle collisions and falling from deep pits are the main safety hazards. Traditional guide canes can only detect close range ground obstacles and lack effective response capabilities for long-distance obstacles, hidden deep pits, and location assistance, which can easily lead to travel risks. With the advancement of barrier free facilities construction, the demand for intelligent guide tools with “precise detection, real-time warning, and emergency assistance” among visually impaired people is becoming increasingly urgent. Therefore, developing a single-chip based guide cane that integrates multi-dimensional obstacle detection, positioning, and assistance functions is of great practical significance for ensuring the safety of visually impaired people’s travel and improving their autonomy in life.
This design proposes an ultrasonic infrared guide cane based on STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller. The main functions of the system include: detecting the distance of obstacles ahead through the HC-R04 ultrasonic sensor. When the distance is less than the set minimum value, the CN-TTS voice module will broadcast “There are obstacles ahead, please be careful to avoid them”; Using E18-D80NK photoelectric infrared sensor to identify deep pits ahead, triggering a voice reminder “There are deep pits ahead, please avoid them” when they exist; Real time acquisition of current positioning information through ATGM332D-5N GPS module; Support button triggered location sending function, combined with SIM900A SMS module, can send location information to the guardian’s mobile phone. The guardian can also automatically obtain the current location of the cane by sending a specified SMS, achieving two-way positioning interaction.
The function of this guide cane is to provide a multi-dimensional and intelligent travel assistance tool for visually impaired people. Reduce collision and fall risks through precise obstacle detection and voice warning; The positioning and SMS help function breaks spatial limitations, allowing guardians to real-time grasp the location of visually impaired individuals, enhancing their sense of travel safety, and helping visually impaired people participate in social activities more independently and safely.
Keywords：microcontroller; Guide cane; Ultrasonic detection; Infrared deep pit recognition; GPS positioning
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 障碍物探测模块电路设计
3.4 深坑探测模块电路设计
3.5 定位模块电路设计
3.6 短信通信模块电路设计
3.7 语音预警模块电路设计
3.8 按键模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 独立按键
4.4 GSM模块子流程设计
4.5 超声波检测模块子流程设计
4.6 语音播报模块子流程设计
4.7 GPS模块子流程设计
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 障碍物探测与语音预警功能测试
5.3 深坑探测与语音预警功能测试
5.4 GPS 定位功能测试
5.5 定位发送与短信交互功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序