设计说明书
总字数：20000+
在农业种植、家庭园艺及盆栽养护场景中，土壤温湿度与光照条件是影响植物生长的关键因素。传统种植模式下，依赖人工判断土壤干湿状态并手动浇水，存在浇水时机不准、水量控制不当的问题，易导致植物缺水枯萎或积水烂根；同时，人工监测温湿度与光照效率低，难以实时掌握环境变化，无法为植物生长提供精准的环境保障。因此，研发一种能实现土壤参数自动监测、智能浇水与异常报警的系统，对提升种植管理效率、保障植物健康生长具有重要意义。
本设计提出了一种基于 STC89C52 单片机的土壤湿度检测与自动浇水系统。系统主要功能包括：通过 DS1302 模块获取实时时间，支持通过按键修正时间，便于记录环境参数变化时序；借助防水式 DS18B20 传感器测量土壤温度，通过 DHT11 湿度模块检测土壤湿度，用户可通过按键设置湿度最大与最小值，当湿度低于最小值时，系统控制继电器启动浇水设备，直至湿度达到最大值后停止；通过 5516 光照检测模块采集环境光照值，全面监测植物生长环境；通过 LCD1602 显示屏实时展示土壤温度、湿度、光照值及时间信息；当土壤温度、光照强度超出预设上下限阈值，或土壤湿度低于最小值时，系统启动声光报警，及时提醒用户关注环境异常。
该土壤湿度检测与自动浇水系统的应用，为植物种植管理提供了一种高效、智能的解决方案。通过自动监测与精准浇水，减少人工干预成本，避免因人为操作失误影响植物生长；异常报警功能可及时预警不利环境条件，助力用户快速调整管理策略，保障植物在适宜的环境中生长，对提升种植成功率与作物品质具有实际价值。
关键词：STC89C52 单片机；土壤湿度检测；自动浇水；环境监测；声光报警
Design of Soil Moisture Detection and Automatic Watering System
Abstract
In agricultural planting, home gardening and potted plant maintenance scenarios, soil temperature, moisture and light conditions are key factors affecting plant growth. Under the traditional planting mode, relying on manual judgment of soil dry and wet status and manual watering has problems such as inaccurate watering timing and improper water volume control, which easily lead to plant withering due to water shortage or root rot due to waterlogging. At the same time, manual monitoring of temperature, humidity and light is inefficient, making it difficult to grasp environmental changes in real time and unable to provide accurate environmental protection for plant growth. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a system that can realize automatic monitoring of soil parameters, intelligent watering and abnormal alarm to improve the efficiency of planting management and ensure the healthy growth of plants.
This design proposes a soil moisture detection and automatic watering system based on the STC89C52 single – chip microcomputer. The main functions of the system include: obtaining real – time time through the DS1302 module, supporting time correction through buttons to facilitate recording the time sequence of environmental parameter changes; measuring soil temperature with a waterproof DS18B20 sensor, detecting soil moisture with a DHT11 humidity module; users can set the maximum and minimum humidity values through buttons; when the humidity is lower than the minimum value, the system controls the relay to start the watering equipment until the humidity reaches the maximum value and then stops; collecting environmental light values through the 5516 light detection module to comprehensively monitor the plant growth environment; displaying real – time soil temperature, moisture, light value and time information through the LCD1602 display; when the soil temperature and light intensity exceed the preset upper and lower threshold values, or the soil moisture is lower than the minimum value, the system starts the sound and light alarm to promptly remind users to pay attention to environmental abnormalities.
The application of this soil moisture detection and automatic watering system provides an efficient and intelligent solution for plant planting management. Through automatic monitoring and precise watering, it reduces the cost of manual intervention and avoids the impact of human operation errors on plant growth; the abnormal alarm function can promptly warn of unfavorable environmental conditions, helping users quickly adjust management strategies to ensure that plants grow in a suitable environment, which has practical value for improving the success rate of planting and crop quality.
Keywords：STC89C52 Single – chip Microcomputer; Soil Moisture Detection; Automatic Watering; Environmental Monitoring; Sound and Light Alarm
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1 系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 土壤温度检测模块电路设计
3.4 土壤湿度与光照检测模块电路设计
3.5 时间模块电路设计
3.6 显示模块电路设计
3.7 按键模块电路设计
3.8 浇水控制与声光报警模块电路设计
3.9 电源模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 土壤湿度检测模块子流程设计
4.4 光照检测模块子流程设计
4.5 时钟模块子流程设计
4.6 独立按键子流程设计
4.7 声光报警模块子流程设计
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 时间管理功能测试
5.3 土壤温湿度与光照检测功能测试
5.4 自动浇水功能测试
5.5 声光报警功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
致谢
附录C 主程序
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