设计说明书
总字数：15000+
随着清洁能源开发力度的加大，太阳能的高效利用成为能源领域的研究重点。太阳能电池板的发电效率与光照入射角度密切相关，固定安装的电池板因无法实时对准太阳，存在发电效率偏低的问题，尤其在光照角度变化明显的时段，能量浪费现象突出。因此，研发一种能精准追踪太阳光照、提升发电效率的自动追踪系统具有重要现实意义。
本设计提出一种基于 STM32F103C8T6 单片机的太阳能电池板自动追踪太阳光照系统。系统主要功能包括：通过四个 5516 光敏电阻检测四个方向的光照强度；借助两个 SG90 舵机驱动太阳能板向光照最强方向转动；通过太阳能板为锂电池充电，同时利用 ADC 模块检测电池电压，超过最大阈值后自动停止充电；配备五个按键，其中四个实现太阳能板上下左右的手动旋转控制，第五个用于自动 / 手动模式切换；当太阳能板追踪至最西端时，可自动复位至东边初始位置；通过 OLED 显示屏实时展示光照强度、电池电压及系统模式等数据；依托 WiFi 模块将监测数据发送至手机端，同时支持手机远程控制太阳能板转动与模式切换。
该系统为太阳能高效利用提供了便捷可靠的解决方案，通过自动追踪与手动调控结合、本地显示与远程管控协同，大幅提升太阳能电池板的发电效率，降低能源浪费，为家庭及小型光伏场景的能源供给提供有力保障。
关键词：单片机；太阳能电池板；自动追踪；光照检测
Automatic Sun-tracking System for Solar Panels
Abstract
With the increasing development of clean energy, the efficient utilization of solar energy has become a research focus in the energy field. The power generation efficiency of solar panels is closely related to the incident angle of sunlight. Fixed-installed panels cannot be aligned with the sun in real time, resulting in low power generation efficiency. Especially during periods when the sunlight angle changes significantly, energy waste is prominent. Therefore, developing an automatic tracking system that can accurately track sunlight and improve power generation efficiency is of great practical significance.
This design proposes a solar panel automatic sun-tracking system based on the STM32F103C8T6 single-chip microcomputer. The main functions of the system include: detecting the light intensity in four directions through four 5516 photoresistors; driving the solar panel to rotate towards the direction with the strongest light by two SG90 servos; charging the lithium battery through the solar panel, while using the ADC module to detect the battery voltage and automatically stop charging when it exceeds the maximum threshold; equipped with five buttons, four of which realize manual rotation control of the solar panel (up, down, left, right), and the fifth is used for automatic/manual mode switching; when the solar panel tracks to the westernmost end, it can automatically reset to the initial position in the east; real-time display of light intensity, battery voltage and system mode through the OLED display; transmitting monitoring data to the mobile phone via the WiFi module, while supporting remote control of solar panel rotation and mode switching through the mobile phone.
The system provides a convenient and reliable solution for the efficient utilization of solar energy. Through the combination of automatic tracking and manual regulation, and the coordination of local display and remote management, it greatly improves the power generation efficiency of solar panels, reduces energy waste, and provides strong support for energy supply in household and small-scale photovoltaic scenarios.
Keywords：Single-chip microcomputer; Solar panel; Automatic tracking; Light intensity detection
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1 系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 光照检测模块电路设计
3.4 舵机驱动模块电路设计
3.5 充电保护模块电路设计
3.6 显示模块电路设计
3.7 按键模块电路设计
3.8 WiFi 通信模块电路设计
3.9 电源模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 光照检测模块子流程设计
4.4 舵机子流程设计
4.5 电压电流模块子流程设计
4.6 OLED显示屏子流程设计
4.7 独立按键子流程设计
4.8 WiFi模块子流程设计
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 光照检测及数据显示功能测试
5.3 自动追踪与复位功能测试
5.4 手动控制与模式切换功能测试
5.5 充电保护功能测试
5.6 WiFi 通信与远程控制功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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