设计说明书
总字数：15000+
摘要
随着人们对清洁能源的重视与生活品质的提升，太阳能热水器因节能、环保的特点被广泛应用。但传统太阳能热水器存在水温调控依赖人工、加热逻辑单一等问题 —— 当天气不佳导致水温不足时，需手动启动辅助加热，且无法精准控制加热温度与时长，既影响使用体验，又可能造成能源浪费。因此，研发一种能自动监测水温、智能调控加热且支持参数自定义的太阳能热水器十分必要。
本设计提出了一种基于 STC89C52 单片机的太阳能热水器。系统主要功能包括：通过太阳能板为锂电池充电，锂电池为整个系统提供稳定供电；借助防水式 DS18B20 温度传感器测量水温，当水温低于设置最小值时，继电器控制加热棒启动加热，此时 LED 红灯点亮，直至水温升至设置最大值后停止加热，LED 绿灯点亮；用户可通过按键设置温度上下限值（范围 0-99 度），同时可通过面板按键设置加热时间（默认 1 分钟），在水温低于设定值时系统自动启动加热；通过 LCD1602 显示屏实时显示当前水温、温度阈值及加热状态。
该太阳能热水器的作用在于，为用户提供了一种节能、智能的热水供应解决方案。通过自动水温监测与智能加热控制，减少人工干预，确保水温稳定在舒适范围；依托太阳能供电降低能源消耗，同时支持参数自定义，适配不同用户的使用需求，提升生活便利性与能源利用效率。
关键词：STC89C52；太阳能热水器；DS18B20；LCD1602 显示；继电器控制
Abstract
With the increasing emphasis on clean energy and the improvement of quality of life, solar water heaters are widely used due to their energy-saving and environmentally friendly characteristics. However, traditional solar water heaters have problems such as relying on manual water temperature regulation and a single heating logic – when the weather is poor and the water temperature is insufficient, auxiliary heating needs to be manually started, and the heating temperature and duration cannot be accurately controlled, which not only affects the user experience but may also cause energy waste. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a solar water heater that can automatically monitor water temperature, intelligently regulate heating, and support parameter customization.
This design proposes a solar water heater based on STC89C52 microcontroller. The main functions of the system include: charging the lithium battery through solar panels, and the lithium battery provides stable power supply for the entire system; Using the waterproof DS18B20 temperature sensor to measure water temperature, when the water temperature is below the set minimum value, the relay controls the heating rod to start heating. At this time, the LED red light lights up until the water temperature reaches the set maximum value, and then stops heating. The LED green light lights up; Users can set the upper and lower temperature limits (range 0-99 degrees) through buttons, and also set the heating time (default 1 minute) through panel buttons. When the water temperature is below the set value, the system will automatically start heating; Real time display of current water temperature, temperature threshold, and heating status through LCD1602 display screen.
The function of this solar water heater is to provide users with an energy-saving and intelligent hot water supply solution. By using automatic water temperature monitoring and intelligent heating control, manual intervention is reduced to ensure that the water temperature remains stable within a comfortable range; Relying on solar power supply to reduce energy consumption, while supporting parameter customization to meet the needs of different users, improving convenience in daily life and energy efficiency.
Keywords：STC89C52; solar heater; DS18B20； LCD1602 display; relay control
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 能源供应模块电路设计
3.4 温度检测模块电路设计
3.5 加热控制与 LED 指示模块电路设计
3.6 显示模块电路设计
3.7 按键模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 独立按键
4.4 温度检测模块子流程
4.5 LCD1602液晶显示子流程
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 能源供应功能测试
5.3 温度检测与加热控制功能测试
5.4 按键设置与显示功能测试
5.5 LED 指示与安全保护功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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