设计说明书
总字数：19000+
摘要
随着人口老龄化进程加快，老年人出行安全成为社会关注的重要议题。老年人因身体机能下降，在出行中易面临障碍物碰撞、突发状况无法及时求助、低光环境视线受阻等风险，而传统拐杖仅能提供基础支撑，难以应对这些安全隐患，无法满足老年人对安全出行的需求。因此，研发一种兼具安全预警、紧急求助与便捷辅助功能的智能拐杖，对保障老年人出行安全、提升其生活独立性具有重要意义。
本设计提出了一种基于 STC12C5A60S2 单片机的智能拐杖。系统主要功能包括：通过 HC-R04 超声波检测模块检测前方障碍物，当障碍物距离小于 20cm 时，通过 TTS 语音模块提醒 “前方有障碍物”；用户通过按键可向周围人员求救，此时 TTS 语音模块播报 “请帮帮我”，同时蜂鸣器启动报警；借助 5516 光照检测模块检测环境光照，当光照过低时，系统自动开启 LED 灯，提醒过往车辆；通过 LCD1602 显示屏显示使用者姓名及家人联系电话；用户通过按键操作，可触发 GSM（SIM900A）模块向预设的家人号码发送求救信息。
该智能拐杖的作用在于，为老年人提供了一种多功能、便捷化的出行安全辅助工具。通过实时的障碍物预警、低光照明提醒及多方式求救功能，能有效降低老年人出行风险，及时应对突发状况；清晰的个人信息显示与远程求救功能，进一步强化了老年人出行的安全保障，助力提升老年人的出行信心与生活质量。
关键词：51 单片机；智能拐杖；障碍物检测；紧急求救；
Design of Intelligent Cane Based on 51 Single Chip Microcomputer
Abstract
With the acceleration of population aging, the safety of elderly people’s travel has become an important issue of social concern. Due to the decline in physical function, elderly people are prone to face risks such as obstacle collisions, inability to seek timely help in unexpected situations, and obstructed vision in low light environments during travel. Traditional canes can only provide basic support and are difficult to cope with these safety hazards, which cannot meet the needs of elderly people for safe travel. Therefore, developing an intelligent cane that combines safety warning, emergency assistance, and convenient assistance functions is of great significance for ensuring the safety of elderly people’s travel and improving their independence in life.
This design proposes an intelligent cane based on STC12C5A60S2 microcontroller. The main functions of the system include: detecting obstacles ahead through the HC-R04 ultrasonic detection module, and when the distance between obstacles is less than 20cm, reminding “there are obstacles ahead” through the TTS voice module; Users can call for help from people around them by pressing a button. At this time, the TTS voice module broadcasts “Please help me” and the buzzer starts to sound an alarm; Using the 5516 lighting detection module to detect ambient lighting, when the lighting is too low, the system automatically turns on the LED lights to alert passing vehicles; Display the user’s name and family contact phone number on the LCD1602 display screen; Users can trigger the GSM (SIM900A) module to send distress messages to the preset family number through button operations.
The function of this intelligent cane is to provide a multifunctional and convenient travel safety assistance tool for the elderly. Through real-time obstacle warning, low light illumination reminder, and multiple distress functions, it can effectively reduce the travel risks of the elderly and respond to emergencies in a timely manner; Clear personal information display and remote distress function further strengthen the safety guarantee of elderly people’s travel, helping to enhance their travel confidence and quality of life.
Keywords：51 microcontroller; Intelligent crutch; Obstacle detection; Urgent distress call
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 障碍物检测模块电路设计
3.4 光照检测模块电路设计
3.5 照明模块电路设计
3.6 显示模块电路设计
3.7 按键模块电路设计
3.8 蜂鸣器报警模块电路设计
3.9 TTS 语音模块电路设计
3.10 GSM 远程求救模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 独立按键
4.4 LCD1602液晶显示子流程
4.5超声波检测模块子流程
4.6 GSM模块子流程设计
5 仿真绘制与功能测试（proteus）
5.1 仿真电路绘制
5.2 障碍物检测与语音预警功能测试
5.3 周围求救（语音 + 蜂鸣器）功能测试
5.4 光照检测与自动照明功能测试
5.5 LCD1602 显示功能测试
5.6 GSM 远程求救功能测试
6 实物制作与功能测试
6.1 实物制作
6.2 障碍物检测与语音预警功能测试
6.3 周围求救（语音 + 蜂鸣器）功能测试
6.4 光照检测与自动照明功能测试
6.5 LCD1602 显示功能测试
6.6 GSM 远程求救功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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