设计说明书
总字数：17000+
摘要
随着生态保护与林业资源管理力度的加大，野外火灾的早期预警与防控成为保障生态安全、减少经济损失的关键环节。野外区域地形复杂、人员巡检覆盖范围有限，传统火灾监测方式（如人工巡逻、瞭望塔观测）存在响应滞后、覆盖盲区大的问题，往往火灾发生后才能发现，错失最佳扑救时机；同时，火灾发生前的温湿度异常、CO₂浓度升高是重要前兆，若能及时捕捉这些信号，可大幅降低火灾发生概率与危害程度。因此，研发一款能实时监测野外环境参数、自动预警并远程传输信息的智能系统，具有重要的现实意义。
本设计提出一种基于 STM32F103C8T6 单片机的智能野外火灾预警系统，系统功能贴合火灾早期预警需求：通过 DHT11 温湿度传感器实时采集野外环境温湿度，当温度高于预设最大值或湿度低于预设最小值时，立即触发声光报警模块发出警示，并通过 ESP8266-12F WIFI 模块向手机端发送 “温度过高，可能发生火灾” 或 “湿度过低，可能发生火灾” 的提示信息；借助 SGP30 传感器检测环境 CO₂浓度，当浓度超过预设阈值时，同样启动声光报警与 WIFI 信息推送，发送 “CO₂浓度过高，可能发生火灾” 的预警；配备独立按键支持本地手动设置温湿度、CO₂浓度的预警阈值；通过 OLED 显示屏实时展示当前温湿度、CO₂浓度及各阈值参数，便于现场查看；ESP8266 WIFI 模块还可将实时监测数据同步至手机端，用户也能在手机端远程修改各预警阈值，实现 “本地 + 远程” 双重管理。
该智能野外火灾预警系统的作用在于，为野外火灾防控提供了 “早发现、早预警、早处置” 的解决方案。通过多参数协同监测，精准捕捉火灾前兆信号，避免单一参数误判；声光报警与远程信息推送结合，确保预警信息及时传递给管理人员，为火灾防控争取时间；本地与远程双重阈值设置，适配不同野外场景（如森林、草原）的预警需求，有效降低野外火灾发生风险，保障生态环境与人员安全。
关键词：STM32 单片机；野外火灾预警；温湿度检测；CO₂浓度检测；WIFI 远程预警
Design of Intelligent Field Fire Warning System
Abstract
With the increasing efforts in ecological protection and forestry resource management, early warning and prevention of field fires have become a key link in ensuring ecological safety and reducing economic losses. The terrain in outdoor areas is complex, and the coverage of personnel inspections is limited. Traditional fire monitoring methods (such as manual patrols and observation towers) have problems with delayed response and large blind spots in coverage. Often, fires can only be detected after they occur, missing the best opportunity for firefighting; At the same time, abnormal temperature and humidity, as well as an increase in CO ₂ concentration before a fire occurs, are important precursors. If these signals can be captured in a timely manner, the probability and severity of the fire can be significantly reduced. Therefore, developing an intelligent system that can monitor field environmental parameters in real time, automatically issue warnings, and remotely transmit information has important practical significance.
This design proposes an intelligent field fire warning system based on STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller. The system functions in line with the requirements of early fire warning: real-time collection of field environment temperature and humidity is achieved through DHT11 temperature and humidity sensors. When the temperature is higher than the preset maximum value or the humidity is lower than the preset minimum value, the sound and light alarm module is immediately triggered to issue a warning, and the ESP8266-12F WIFI module sends a prompt message to the mobile phone with “high temperature, possible fire” or “low humidity, possible fire”; By using the SGP30 sensor to detect the concentration of CO ₂ in the environment, when the concentration exceeds the preset threshold, the sound and light alarm and WIFI information push are also activated to send a warning of “high CO ₂ concentration, possible fire”; Equipped with independent buttons to support local manual setting of temperature, humidity, and CO ₂ concentration warning thresholds; Real time display of current temperature, humidity, CO ₂ concentration, and various threshold parameters through OLED display screen for easy on-site viewing; The ESP8266 WIFI module can also synchronize real-time monitoring data to the mobile phone, and users can remotely modify various warning thresholds on the mobile phone, achieving dual management of “local+remote”.
The function of this intelligent field fire warning system is to provide a solution of “early detection, early warning, and early disposal” for field fire prevention and control. Through multi parameter collaborative monitoring, accurately capture fire precursor signals and avoid misjudgment of a single parameter; Combining sound and light alarm with remote information push to ensure timely transmission of warning information to management personnel and buy time for fire prevention and control; The dual threshold setting of local and remote is adapted to the warning needs of different outdoor scenes (such as forests and grasslands), effectively reducing the risk of outdoor fires and ensuring the safety of the ecological environment and personnel.
Keywords：STM32 microcontroller; Field fire warning; Temperature and humidity detection; CO ₂ concentration detection; WIFI remote warning
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 环境检测模块电路设计
3.4 阈值设置与显示模块电路设计
3.5 预警执行与远程通信模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 主机系统主流程设计
4.3 独立按键
4.4 温湿度检测模块子流程
4.5 SGP30模块子流程设计
4.6 OLED显示流程设计
4.7 WiFi模块子流程设计
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 环境检测与本地显示功能测试
5.3 阈值设置与声光报警功能测试
5.4 WIFI 远程数据传输与控制功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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