设计说明书
总字数：16000+
摘要
在气象观测、农业生产、建筑施工、环境保护等领域，风速与风向是关键的环境参数，其变化直接影响生产作业安全与决策制定。例如，农业中大风可能导致作物倒伏，建筑施工时强风会威胁高空作业安全，气象观测需精准记录风速风向数据以辅助天气预报；若无法及时监测风速风向异常，可能引发经济损失甚至安全事故。因此，研发一种操作简便、数据精准且具备异常报警功能的风速风向监测系统，具有重要的实用价值。
本设计提出了一种基于 STC89C52 单片机的风速风向监测系统。系统主要功能包括：通过 “小型直流有刷电机 + 三杯式旋转风杯” 组装的风速监测模块，将风杯旋转转化为电机转速信号，经单片机处理后得到当前环境风速值；借助格雷码型风向监测模块，采集风向角度信号，通过单片机解析获取实时风向信息；通过 LCD1602 液晶显示屏，直观展示监测得到的风速与风向数据，方便用户实时查看；用户可通过按键设置风速最大值阈值，当系统检测到实际风速大于预设最大值时，触发声光报警模块发出提醒，及时警示风速异常。
该风速风向监测系统的作用在于，为各领域用户提供了一种便捷、可靠的环境参数监测工具。通过实时监测风速风向并精准显示，助力用户掌握环境变化动态；异常风速报警功能可提前预警风险，帮助用户及时采取防护措施，保障生产作业安全，同时为相关领域的数据分析与决策制定提供基础数据支持，提升工作效率与安全性。
关键词：单片机；风速检测；风向检测；异常报警
Design of Wind Speed and Direction Monitoring System
Abstract
In fields such as meteorological observation, agricultural production, construction, and environmental protection, wind speed and direction are key environmental parameters, and their changes directly affect production safety and decision-making. For example, strong winds in agriculture may cause crop lodging, and during construction, strong winds can threaten the safety of high-altitude operations. Meteorological observations require accurate recording of wind speed and direction data to assist in weather forecasting; If abnormal wind speed and direction cannot be monitored in a timely manner, it may cause economic losses or even safety accidents. Therefore, developing a wind speed and direction monitoring system that is easy to operate, has accurate data, and has abnormal alarm functions has important practical value.
This design proposes a wind speed and direction monitoring system based on STC89C52 microcontroller. The main functions of the system include: using a wind speed monitoring module assembled with a “small DC brushed motor+three cup rotating wind cup” to convert the rotation of the wind cup into a motor speed signal, which is processed by a microcontroller to obtain the current environmental wind speed value; Using the Gray code wind direction monitoring module, collect wind direction angle signals and obtain real-time wind direction information through microcontroller analysis; Through the LCD1602 LCD display screen, the monitored wind speed and direction data are visually displayed, making it convenient for users to view in real-time; Users can set the maximum wind speed threshold by pressing the button. When the system detects that the actual wind speed is greater than the preset maximum value, it triggers the sound and light alarm module to issue a reminder, timely warning of abnormal wind speed.
The function of this wind speed and direction monitoring system is to provide users in various fields with a convenient and reliable tool for monitoring environmental parameters. By monitoring wind speed and direction in real-time and displaying them accurately, it helps users grasp the dynamic changes in the environment; The abnormal wind speed alarm function can provide early warning of risks, help users take timely protective measures, ensure production safety, and provide basic data support for data analysis and decision-making in related fields, improving work efficiency and safety.
Keywords：microcontroller; Wind speed detection; Wind direction detection; abnormal alarm
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 风速监测模块电路设计
3.4 风向监测模块电路设计
3.5 ADC 转换模块电路设计
3.6 显示模块电路设计
3.7 按键模块电路设计
3.8 声光报警模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 主机系统主流程设计
4.3 风速检测模块子流程设计
4.4 风向检测模块子流程设计
4.5 独立按键
4.6 A/D模数转换子流程
4.7 LCD1602液晶显示子流程
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 风速监测功能测试
5.3 风向监测功能测试
5.4 LCD 显示与按键设置功能测试
5.5 声光报警功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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