设计说明书
总字数：25000+
摘要
随着智能家居理念的普及和人们对居住安全性、舒适性需求的提升，窗户的智能化控制成为家居生活的重要升级方向。传统窗户依赖人工操作，无法应对突发天气（如大风、降雨）和室内安全隐患（如烟雾、可燃气体泄漏），也难以实现定时开关的便捷管理，若不能及时处理这些情况，可能导致室内财物受损或威胁居住者安全。因此，研发一种能自动响应环境变化、具备安全防护与便捷控制功能的智能窗户十分必要。
本设计提出了一种基于 STC89C52 单片机的智能窗户。系统主要功能包括：通过三杯式旋转风杯风速监测模块监测当前风速，当风速大于设置最大值时，通过 ULN2003A 芯片驱动四相五线步进电机关闭窗户（优先级中）；借助电压式雨量监测模块监测当前雨量，雨量大于设置最大值时关闭窗户（优先级中）；通过 MQ-2 烟雾监测模块监测当前烟雾，烟雾超限时自动打开窗户（优先级高）；利用 MQ-5 可燃气体检测模块监测可燃气体浓度，浓度超限时自动打开窗户（优先级高）；通过 DS1302 时钟模块获取当前时间，支持设定开关窗时间段（优先级低）；通过 LCD1602 液晶显示模块实时显示当前检测值（风速、雨量、烟雾浓度、可燃气体浓度、时间）与窗户状态；用户还可通过按键设置各项参数阈值，并手动控制窗户开关。
该智能窗户的作用在于，为用户提供了一种兼具安全性、舒适性与便捷性的家居控制工具。通过对环境参数的自动监测与分级响应，能及时应对大风、降雨、烟雾泄漏、可燃气体超标等情况，减少安全隐患与财产损失；定时开关与手动控制功能则满足了用户多样化的使用需求，提升了家居生活的智能化水平与居住体验。
关键词：单片机；智能窗户；环境监测；自动控制
Intelligent Window Based on Single Chip Microcomputer
Abstract
With the popularization of smart home concepts and the increasing demand for residential safety and comfort, intelligent control of windows has become an important upgrade direction for home life. Traditional windows rely on manual operation and cannot cope with sudden weather events (such as strong winds and rainfall) and indoor safety hazards (such as smoke and combustible gas leaks). They are also difficult to achieve convenient management of timed opening and closing. If these situations cannot be dealt with in a timely manner, it may lead to damage to indoor property or threaten the safety of occupants. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an intelligent window that can automatically respond to environmental changes, with safety protection and convenient control functions.
This design proposes an intelligent window based on STC89C52 microcontroller. The main functions of the system include: monitoring the current wind speed through a three cup rotating wind cup wind speed monitoring module. When the wind speed is greater than the set maximum value, the ULN2003A chip drives a four phase five wire stepper motor to close the window (in priority); Monitor the current rainfall using a voltage based rainfall monitoring module, and close windows when the rainfall exceeds the set maximum value (priority level); Monitor the current smoke through the MQ-2 smoke monitoring module, and automatically open the window when the smoke exceeds the limit (high priority); Use MQ-5 combustible gas detection module to monitor the concentration of combustible gases, and automatically open windows when the concentration exceeds the limit (high priority); Obtain the current time through the DS1302 clock module and support setting switch window time periods (low priority); Real time display of current detection values (wind speed, rainfall, smoke concentration, combustible gas concentration, time) and window status through the LCD1602 LCD display module; Users can also set various parameter thresholds through buttons and manually control window switches.
The function of this smart window is to provide users with a home control tool that combines safety, comfort, and convenience. By automatically monitoring and grading environmental parameters, it is possible to respond promptly to situations such as strong winds, rainfall, smoke leaks, and excessive combustible gases, reducing safety hazards and property losses; The timed switch and manual control function meet the diverse usage needs of users, enhancing the intelligence level and living experience of home life.
Keywords：microcontroller; Smart windows; Environmental monitoring; automatic control
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 ADC 转换模块电路设计
3.4 风速监测模块电路设计
3.5 雨量监测模块电路设计
3.6 烟雾与可燃气体监测模块电路设计
3.7 时钟模块电路设计
3.8 执行驱动模块电路设计
3.9 显示模块电路设计
3.10 按键模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 独立按键
4.4 烟雾检测模块子流程设计
4.5 可燃气检测模块子流程设计
4.6 风速检测模块子流程设计
4.7 雨水检测模块子流程设计
4.8 A/D模数转换子流程
4.9 时钟模块子流程
4.10 LCD1602液晶显示子流程
4.11 步进电机子流程
5 仿真绘制与功能测试
5.1 仿真电路绘制
5.2 多参数监测与显示功能仿真测试
5.3 优先级控制与执行驱动功能仿真测试
5.4 定时控制功能仿真测试
5.5 按键参数设置功能仿真测试
6 实物制作与功能测试
6.1 实物制作
6.2 多参数监测与显示功能测试
6.3 优先级控制与执行驱动功能测试
6.4 定时控制功能测试
6.5 按键参数设置与手动控制功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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