设计说明书
总字数：16000+
摘要
随着城市化进程的加快，高层建筑数量激增，电梯作为关键的垂直运输工具，其运行安全性与可靠性愈发重要。为有效预防电梯超载及突发故障引发的安全事故，本文设计了一种基于 STM32F103C8T6 单片机的电梯超载与保护系统。
该系统具备多重安全防护功能：支持 8 层楼层运行，按键触发后电梯精准停靠并点亮对应楼层灯；关门过程中通过分离式红外对管检测行人，遇人时自动开门以防夹伤；采用 HX711 称重模块监测负载，超载时电梯停止运行并触发语音提醒；配备语音播报功能，到达目标楼层时自动播报楼层信息；通过速度检测模块和 MQ-2 烟雾检测模块实时监测异常，当电梯发生剧烈运动或检测到烟雾时，立即停靠最近楼层避险，并通过 GSM 模块向维护人员发送报警短信。此外，OLED 显示屏实时显示楼层、运行状态及速度信息，提升运行透明度。
经测试，系统各模块协同工作稳定，能有效应对超载、夹人、突发故障等场景，为电梯安全运行提供全方位保障。
关键词：STM32F103C8T6；电梯保护；超载检测；红外防夹；安全预警
Abstract
With the acceleration of urbanization, the number of high-rise buildings has surged. As a key vertical transportation tool, the operational safety and reliability of elevators have become increasingly important. To effectively prevent safety accidents caused by elevator overload and sudden failures, this paper designs an elevator overload and protection system based on the STM32F103C8T6 single-chip microcomputer.
The system features multiple safety protection functions: it supports operation across 8 floors, with the elevator accurately stopping and lighting the corresponding floor light when a button is pressed; during door closing, a split-type infrared pair tube detects pedestrians, automatically opening the door to prevent pinching; an HX711 weighing module monitors the load, and if overloaded, the elevator stops running and triggers a voice reminder; it is equipped with a voice broadcast function that automatically announces the floor when reaching the target; real-time monitoring of abnormalities is conducted via a speed detection module and an MQ-2 smoke detection module. When the elevator experiences violent movement or smoke is detected, it immediately stops at the nearest floor for safety and sends an alarm message to maintenance personnel via a GSM module. In addition, an OLED display shows real-time floor information, operating status, and speed, enhancing operational transparency.
Tests show that all modules of the system work stably in coordination, effectively responding to scenarios such as overload, pinching, and sudden failures, providing comprehensive protection for the safe operation of elevators.
Keywords: STM32F103C8T6; Elevator protection; Overload detection; Infrared anti-pinch; Safety early warning
目 录
1 引言
2 电梯超载与保护系统总体设计方案
2.1 电梯超载与保护系统各模块设计方案
2.1 主要模块选择介绍
2.1.1 单片机主控模块
2.1.2 显示模块
2.1.3 称重模块
2.1.4 红外对管模块
2.1.5 语音模块
2.1.6 检测与通信模块
2.2 电梯总体设计方案
3 硬件电路设计
3.1 单片机主控模块电路
3.2 传感器模块
3.2.1 分离式红外对管模块
3.2.2 称重模块（HX711）
3.2.3 人体热释电模块（D203S）
3.2.4 速度检测与烟雾检测模块
3.3 执行与通信模块
3.3.1 电机驱动模块
3.3.2 语音模块
3.3.3 无线通信模块
3.4 显示模块（OLED）
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 矩阵键盘子流程设计
4.4 称重模块HX711模块子流程
4.5 OLED显示屏子流程设计
4.6 烟雾检测模块子流程设计
4.7 速度检测子流程设计
4.8 人体热释电感应模块子流程设计
4.9 直流电机速度调节子流程设计
4.10 语音播报模块子流程设计
4.11 蓝牙模块子流程设计
4.12 发送短信子流程设计
5 电梯超载与保护系统综合调试和结论
5.1 材料清单
5.2 整体实物测试
5.3 整体实物测试
5.4 综合测试结论
6 总结展望
6.1 总结
6.2 展望
7 致 谢
8 参考文献
附录
附录1：原理图
附录2：PCB
附录3：主程序
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