设计说明书
总字数：29000+
基于单片机的二氧化碳生物培养箱控制系统设计
摘要
生物培养箱是植物组培、微生物培育及生物实验的核心专用设备，箱内二氧化碳浓度、温度、湿度、光照强度是直接影响生物样本生长发育、培育成功率的关键环境参数。传统生物培养箱多采用人工值守调节参数的管控模式，存在环境参数监测滞后、调控精度低、工况稳定性差、无法实时自动纠偏、无远程管控能力等诸多弊端，人工记录与调节的粗放式管理模式，难以满足高精度、自动化、智能化的生物培育实验需求。本文提出一种基于STM32F103C8T6单片机与物联网技术的二氧化碳生物培养箱控制系统设计方案。系统集成多参数环境监测、智能阈值调控、多设备联动控制、本地人机交互、WiFi无线数据传输、移动端远程监控与参数配置等核心功能。通过SGP30二氧化碳传感器、DHT11温湿度传感器、5516光照监测模块实时采集培养箱内部二氧化碳浓度、环境温湿度、光照强度数据，将实时采集的环境参数与用户预设安全阈值进行自动比对校准；当二氧化碳浓度超出设定上限时，系统自动开启通风风扇完成换气降碳，浓度低于设定下限时，驱动SRD-05VDC-SL-C增碳继电器工作，实现箱内二氧化碳补给；当环境温度高于最大值时启动制冷片降温，温度低于最小值时开启加热片升温，湿度过高时通过通风风扇除湿，湿度过低时自动启动加湿器增湿；当环境光照强度低于预设最小值时，自动开启红蓝补光灯带进行补光。系统搭载OLED显示屏实时本地展示全部环境监测数据，配备独立按键支持用户本地自定义设置二氧化碳浓度、温湿度、光照强度各项控制阈值；同时通过WiFi通信模块将所有实时监测数据无线传输至手机移动端，移动端可实时查看培养箱运行状态与环境数据，还可远程修改各项参数阈值，远程控制风扇、增碳继电器、加热片、制冷片、加湿器、补光灯等所有执行设备的启停工作。本系统有效解决了传统生物培养箱人工调控效率低、环境参数波动大、调控精准度不足、无法远程监测管控的行业痛点，实现了生物培养箱多维度环境参数全天候自动监测、闭环智能调控、本地与移动端双重交互管控，大幅提升了生物培养设备的自动化与智能化控制水平，能够为生物培育实验提供稳定、精准的生长环境，在生物科研、植物培育、微生物养殖等领域具备较高的应用价值与推广前景。
关键词：物联网；生物培养箱；STM32单片机；环境参数调控；远程智能控制
Biological incubators are core special equipment for plant tissue culture, microbial cultivation and biological experiments. The carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, humidity and light intensity in the incubator are key environmental parameters that directly affect the growth and development of biological samples and the success rate of cultivation. Most traditional biological incubators adopt the manual on-duty parameter adjustment management mode, which has many drawbacks such as lagging environmental parameter monitoring, low regulation accuracy, poor working condition stability, inability to realize real-time automatic correction, and no remote control capability. The extensive management mode of manual recording and adjustment cannot meet the high-precision, automatic and intelligent requirements of biological cultivation experiments. This paper proposes a design scheme of carbon dioxide biological incubator control system based on STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller and Internet of Things technology. The system integrates core functions such as multi-parameter environmental monitoring, intelligent threshold regulation, multi-device linkage control, local human-computer interaction, WiFi wireless data transmission, and remote monitoring and parameter configuration via mobile terminals. SGP30 carbon dioxide sensor, DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor and 5516 light intensity monitoring module are used to collect real-time data of carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature, humidity and light intensity inside the incubator, and the collected environmental parameters are automatically compared and calibrated with the safety thresholds preset by users. When the carbon dioxide concentration exceeds the set upper limit, the system automatically turns on the ventilation fan for air exchange and carbon reduction; when the concentration is lower than the set lower limit, the SRD-05VDC-SL-C carbon increase relay is driven to realize carbon dioxide supply in the incubator. When the ambient temperature is higher than the maximum value, the cooling chip is activated for cooling; when the temperature is lower than the minimum value, the heating chip is turned on for heating. Excessive humidity will trigger the ventilation fan for dehumidification, while too low humidity will automatically start the humidifier to increase humidity. When the ambient light intensity is lower than the preset minimum value, the red and blue fill light strips will be automatically turned on for light supplement. The system is equipped with an OLED display screen to locally display all environmental monitoring data in real time, and independent keys allow users to locally and customly set the control thresholds of carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, humidity and light intensity. Meanwhile, all real-time monitoring data are wirelessly transmitted to the mobile terminal through the WiFi communication module. The mobile terminal can check the operating status and environmental data of the incubator in real time, remotely modify various parameter thresholds, and remotely control the start and stop of all executive equipment such as fans, carbon increase relays, heating chips, cooling chips, humidifiers and fill lights. This system effectively solves the industry pain points of traditional biological incubators, including low manual regulation efficiency, large fluctuations of environmental parameters, insufficient regulation accuracy, and inability of remote monitoring and control. It realizes all-weather automatic monitoring and closed-loop intelligent regulation of multi-dimensional environmental parameters of biological incubators, as well as dual interactive control of local and mobile terminals. It greatly improves the automation and intelligent control level of biological cultivation equipment, provides a stable and accurate growth environment for biological cultivation experiments, and has high application value and promotion prospects in the fields of biological scientific research, plant cultivation and microbial breeding.
Keywords: Internet of Things; Biological Incubator; STM32 Microcontroller; Environmental Parameter Regulation; Remote Intelligent Control
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