设计说明书
总字数：24000+
基于STM32的智慧牧场系统设计与实现
摘要
规模化畜禽养殖模式下，牧场环境参数、饲喂供水状态、场地安全指标直接影响牲畜生长发育、养殖环境质量与养殖生产安全性。传统牧场依托人工巡检调控设备、核查环境与饲喂状态的管理模式，存在监测维度单一、参数调控滞后、人工成本高昂、异常工况无法实时预警、远程管控缺失等诸多弊端，难以满足现代化牧场智能化、自动化、远程化的养殖管理需求。本文设计并实现一款基于STM32F103C8T6单片机的智慧牧场监测与控制系统。系统集成环境多参数感知、饲喂供水自动调控、场地安全监测预警、本地人机交互、4G无线数据传输、自定义阈值设置、云端数据联动管控等一体化核心功能。系统搭载多类传感器模块实现牧场全方位状态采集，通过YW-J水位检测模块实时监测饮水区域水位，依据预设水位阈值自动启停加水设备，实现水位智能调控；依托HX711重量检测模块实时采集饲料剩余重量，饲料存量低于最小阈值时自动触发模拟饲料投喂电机工作，并启动声光报警提示；采用DHT11温湿度传感器实时采集牧场环境温湿度数据，可根据温度、湿度阈值自动启停降温风扇与加湿器，维持适宜养殖温湿度环境；通过5516光照检测模块监测环境光照强度，光照不足时自动开启补光灯补充光照；借助SY-声音模拟量噪声检测模块、MQ-2烟雾检测模块、SGP30二氧化碳检测模块，分别实时采集牧场环境噪声、烟雾、CO₂浓度数据，当各项参数超出安全阈值时，系统即刻触发声光报警，同步启动对应执行设备，超标的烟雾环境自动开启灭火继电器，超标的CO₂浓度环境自动启动通风设备，全方位保障牧场养殖安全。系统配置OLED显示屏实时本地展示所有采集的环境与设备运行数据，搭配独立按键可自定义设置各类参数安全阈值，通过SRD-05VDC-SL-C继电器模块精准控制各类外设启停。同时，设备搭载AIR780E 4G模块，可将本地实时监测数据无线上传至云平台，实现数据云端长效存储与同步转发，养殖户可通过手机移动端实时查看牧场各项运行数据，同时支持远程参数配置与外设设备控制。本系统有效解决了传统牧场人工管理效率低下、环境调控不及时、安全隐患排查滞后、无法远程管控的行业痛点，实现了牧场环境、饲喂、供水、安全设备的全维度自动化监测、智能调控与远程可视化管理，显著提升畜禽养殖的智能化水平与生产管控效率，为现代化智慧牧场建设提供可靠的技术方案，具备极高的实际应用价值与推广前景。
关键词：STM32单片机；智慧牧场；环境监测；智能调控；4G云端管控
Design and Implementation of Smart Pasture System Based on STM32. In the context of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding, pasture environmental parameters, feeding and water supply status, and site safety indicators directly affect the growth and development of livestock, the quality of breeding environment and the safety of breeding production. The traditional pasture management mode of manually inspecting and regulating equipment and checking environmental and feeding states has many drawbacks, such as single monitoring dimension, delayed parameter regulation, high labor cost, inability to give real-time early warning of abnormal working conditions and lack of remote management and control, which cannot meet the intelligent, automatic and remote breeding management needs of modern pastures. This paper designs and implements a smart pasture monitoring and control system based on STM32F103C8T6 single-chip microcomputer. The system integrates integrated core functions such as multi-dimensional environmental parameter perception, automatic regulation of feeding and water supply, on-site safety monitoring and early warning, local human-computer interaction, 4G wireless data transmission, custom threshold setting, and cloud data linkage management and control. Equipped with multiple sensor modules, the system realizes all-round state collection of the pasture. The YW-J water level detection module monitors the water level of the drinking area in real time, and automatically starts and stops the water adding equipment according to the preset water level threshold to realize intelligent water level regulation. The HX711 weight detection module collects the residual weight of feed in real time. When the feed stock is lower than the minimum threshold, it automatically triggers the simulated feed feeding motor to work and starts sound and light alarm prompts. The DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor collects the temperature and humidity data of the pasture environment in real time, and can automatically start and stop cooling fans and humidifiers according to the temperature and humidity thresholds to maintain a suitable breeding temperature and humidity environment. The 5516 light intensity detection module monitors the environmental light intensity and automatically turns on the fill light when the light is insufficient. The SY sound analog quantity noise detection module, MQ-2 smoke detection module and SGP30 carbon dioxide detection module respectively collect the environmental noise, smoke and CO₂ concentration of the pasture in real time. When each parameter exceeds the safety threshold, the system immediately triggers sound and light alarms, and synchronously starts the corresponding executive equipment. The fire extinguishing relay is automatically turned on in the smoke exceeding environment, and the ventilation equipment is automatically started in the CO₂ concentration exceeding environment to fully ensure the safety of pasture breeding. The system is equipped with an OLED display screen to locally display all collected environmental and equipment operation data in real time. Combined with independent keys, it can customize and set safety thresholds for various parameters, and accurately control the start and stop of various peripheral equipment through the SRD-05VDC-SL-C relay module. At the same time, the equipment is equipped with an AIR780E 4G module, which can wirelessly upload local real-time monitoring data to the cloud platform to realize long-term cloud data storage and synchronous forwarding. Breeders can view all pasture operation data in real time through mobile terminals, and support remote parameter configuration and peripheral equipment control. This system effectively solves the industry pain points of traditional pasture management, such as low manual management efficiency, untimely environmental regulation, lagging investigation of potential safety hazards and lack of remote management and control. It realizes full-dimensional automatic monitoring, intelligent regulation and remote visual management of pasture environment, feeding, water supply and safety equipment, greatly improves the intelligent level and production management efficiency of livestock and poultry breeding, provides a reliable technical solution for the construction of modern smart pastures, and has high practical application value and promotion prospects.
Keywords:STM32 Single-chip Microcomputer; Smart Pasture; Environmental Monitoring; Intelligent Regulation; 4G Cloud Management
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