设计说明书
总字数：17000+
摘要
随着现代建筑行业的快速发展和消防安全意识的提升，精准的火灾预警与及时的应急响应对保障生命财产安全、降低火灾损失具有至关重要的意义。传统的火灾报警方式多依赖单一烟感或温感探测器，存在响应滞后、误报率高、缺乏联动控制等问题，难以满足复杂建筑环境下快速、精准的火灾防控需求。
基于 STM32F103C8T6 单片机的火灾报警器设计与实现，整合了 DS18B20 温度传感器、MQ-2 烟雾传感器、步进电机（模拟窗户控制）、声光报警模块、数码管（楼层显示）、按键（熔断器模拟与楼层切换）及 AIR780 4G 模块，实现了火灾的多参数监测、分级预警与远程通知功能。系统核心功能包括：通过 DS18B20 实时监测环境温度，超过预设最大值时触发声光报警，并控制步进电机模拟打开窗户；通过 MQ-2 检测烟雾浓度，超过最大值时启动通风（联动窗户打开），同步触发声光报警；根据温度和烟雾浓度状态分级显示指示灯（超标亮红灯、临界状态亮蓝灯、正常状态亮绿灯）；通过数码管显示当前楼层，按键可模拟熔断器动作及切换楼层；借助 4G 模块将监测数据远程发送至手机端，实时显示火灾状态，当检测到火情时发送短信 “家里着火，请马上回来”。
该系统的实现，有效提升了火灾监测的准确性与响应速度，通过多参数融合判断减少了误报率，同时实现了本地预警与远程通知的协同，为火灾初期的快速处置提供了可靠支持，同时为同类消防安全设备的研发提供了参考，具有较高的实际应用价值。
关键词：STM32F103C8T6；火灾报警器；传感器；远程监控；智能响应；4G 通信
ABSTRACT
With the rapid development of the modern construction industry and the improvement of fire safety awareness, accurate fire early warning and timely emergency response are of vital significance for ensuring the safety of life and property and reducing fire losses. Traditional fire alarm methods mostly rely on single smoke or temperature detectors, which have problems such as delayed response, high false alarm rate, and lack of linkage control, making it difficult to meet the needs of rapid and accurate fire prevention and control in complex building environments.
The design and implementation of the fire alarm based on the STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller integrates the DS18B20 temperature sensor, MQ-2 smoke sensor, stepper motor (simulating window control), sound and light alarm module, nixie tube (floor display), buttons (fuse simulation and floor switching) and AIR780 4G module, realizing multi-parameter monitoring, hierarchical early warning and remote notification functions of fires.
The core functions of the system include: real-time monitoring of ambient temperature through DS18B20, triggering an audible and visual alarm when exceeding the preset maximum value, and controlling the stepper motor to simulate opening the window; detecting smoke concentration through MQ-2, starting ventilation (linking window opening) when exceeding the maximum value, and synchronously triggering the audible and visual alarm; displaying indicator lights in grades according to temperature and smoke concentration status (red light for exceeding the standard, blue light for critical status, green light for normal status); displaying the current floor through the nixie tube, and the buttons can simulate fuse actions and switch floors; sending monitoring data to the mobile phone remotely through the 4G module, displaying the fire status in real time, and sending a text message “The house is on fire, please come back immediately” when a fire is detected.
The implementation of this system has effectively improved the accuracy and response speed of fire monitoring, reduced the false alarm rate through multi-parameter fusion judgment, and realized the coordination of local early warning and remote notification, providing reliable support for the rapid disposal of initial fires. At the same time, it provides a reference for the research and development of similar fire safety equipment, and has high practical application value.
Keywords:STM32F103C8T6; fire alarm; sensor; remote monitoring; intelligent response; 4G communication
目录
第1章 绪论
1.1 研究的目的及意义
1.2 国内外发展情况
1.3 本文主要研究内容
第2章 设计思路与方案论证
2.1 主要元器件选择
2.1.1 主控芯片选择
2.1.2 温度传感器选择
2.1.3 烟雾传感器选择
2.1.4 步进电机选择
2.1.5 4G 模块选择
2.1.6 显示与按键模块选择
2.1.7 报警模块选择
2.2整体设计方案
第 3 章 硬件设计
3.1 主控电路模块
3.2 DS18B20 温度检测电路
3.3 MQ-2 烟雾检测电路
3.4 步进电机驱动电路
3.5 4G 通信模块电路
3.6 数码管与按键电路
3.6.1 数码管显示电路
3.6.2 按键电路
3.7 报警与指示灯电路
3.7.1 声光报警模块
3.7.2 RGB 三色灯
3.8 通风继电器电路
第4章 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 独立按键
4.4 数码管软件设计流程
4.5 温度检测模块子流程
4.6 步进电机子流程
第 5 章 实物测试
5.1 整体实物测试
5.2 DS18B20 温度检测与报警功能测试
5.3 MQ-2 烟雾检测与通风功能测试
5.4 步进电机开窗功能测试
5.5 4G 模块远程通信功能测试
5.6 数码管与按键功能测试
5.7 声光报警与指示灯功能测试
5.8 综合功能测试
第6章 总结与展望
6.1 总结
致谢
参考文献
附录
附录一：原理图
附录二：PCB
附录三：主程序
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