设计说明书
总字数：12000+
摘要
在工业生产、农业灌溉及日常生活用水等场景中，水位的稳定控制对保障系统正常运行、节约水资源具有重要意义。传统的水位控制多依赖人工观察与手动操作，不仅效率低下、响应滞后，还易因人为疏忽导致水位异常，难以满足自动化、精准化的控制需求。
基于 STC89C52 单片机的水位控制系统，整合了 HC-SR04 超声波模块、3 个独立按键、LCD1602 显示屏及执行设备（加水装置、排水装置、声光报警装置），实现了水位的自动监测与智能调控。系统核心功能包括：通过 HC-SR04 超声波模块实时测量水位值，当水位低于预设最小值时启动加水装置，高于预设最大值时启动排水装置，直至水位达到中间值后停止；当水位出现异常（如超出极端范围或设备故障导致无法调节）时，触发声光报警装置提醒；支持通过 3 个独立按键分别设置水位总高度、剩余水位最大值及最小值；通过 LCD1602 显示屏实时显示水位总高度、剩余水位最大值、最小值及当前水位值。
该系统的实现，有效提升了水位控制的自动化水平，减少了人工干预，确保了水位的稳定与可控，为各类需水位控制的场景提供了简便、可靠的解决方案，同时为同类小型水位控制设备的研发提供了参考，具有一定的实际应用价值。
关键词：STC89C52；水位控制；超声波模块；自动调控；LCD1602
ABSTRACT
In scenarios such as industrial production, agricultural irrigation, and daily water use, stable control of water level is of great significance for ensuring the normal operation of the system and saving water resources. Traditional water level control mostly relies on manual observation and manual operation, which is not only inefficient and has delayed response, but also prone to abnormal water level due to human negligence, making it difficult to meet the needs of automated and precise control.
The water level control system based on STC89C52 microcontroller integrates HC-SR04 ultrasonic module, 3 independent buttons, LCD1602 display screen and executive devices (water adding device, drainage device, acousto-optic alarm device), realizing automatic monitoring and intelligent regulation of water level. The core functions of the system include: real-time measurement of water level through HC-SR04 ultrasonic module; when the water level is lower than the preset minimum value, the water adding device is started; when it is higher than the preset maximum value, the drainage device is started, and it stops until the water level reaches the middle value; when the water level is abnormal (such as exceeding the extreme range or equipment failure leading to inability to adjust), the acousto-optic alarm device is triggered to remind; it supports setting the total water level height, the maximum and minimum remaining water level respectively through 3 independent buttons; the LCD1602 display screen is used to display the total water level height, the maximum and minimum remaining water level and the current water level in real time.
The implementation of this system effectively improves the automation level of water level control, reduces manual intervention, ensures the stability and controllability of water level, provides a simple and reliable solution for various scenarios requiring water level control, and also provides a reference for the research and development of similar small water level control equipment, with certain practical application value.
Keywords: STC89C52; Water level control; Ultrasonic module; Automatic regulation; LCD1602
目录
第 1 章 绪论
1.1 研究的目的及意义
1.2 国内外发展情况
1.3 本文主要研究内容
第2章 设计思路与方案论证
2.1 主要元器件选择
2.1.1 主控芯片选择
2.1.2 水位测量模块选择
2.1.3 显示模块选择
2.1.4 按键模块选择
2.2整体设计方案
第 3 章 硬件设计
3.1 主控电路模块
3.2 水位测量模块电路
3.3 显示模块电路
3.4 按键模块电路
3.5 执行设备驱动电路
3.6 声光报警模块电路
第4章 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 独立按键
4.4 LCD1602液晶显示子流程
4.5 超声波检测模块子流程设计
第 5 章 实物测试
5.1 整体实物测试
5.2 水位测量模块功能测试
5.3 按键设置功能测试
5.4 声光报警模块功能测试
5.5 显示模块功能测试
第 6 章 总结与展望
6.1 总结
6.2 展望
致谢
参考文献
附录
附录一：原理图
附录二：PCB
附录三：主程序
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