设计说明书
总字数：21000+
摘要
随着骑行运动与通勤出行的普及，骑行安全问题日益受到关注。传统头盔仅能提供基础的头部防护，无法应对光照不足、后方来车、骑行者身体异常（如体温过高、心率异常）及碰撞事故等潜在风险，且事故发生后难以及时通知监护人，易延误救援时机。因此，研发一款集成多维度安全监测与预警功能的智能头盔，对提升骑行安全性、保障骑行者生命健康具有重要意义。
本设计提出了一种基于 STM32F103C8T6 单片机的智能头盔。系统主要功能包括：通过 5516 光照检测模块获取环境光照值，光照低于设定最小值时自动开启 LED 照明灯；通过 MLX90614 红外测温模块检测骑行者体温、MAX30102 模块检测心率，数值超设定最大值时蜂鸣器报警；通过 ATGM332D-5N GPS 模块获取实时经纬度，同步显示在 OLED 屏上；通过 SW-420 震动模块检测碰撞，碰撞发生时触发蜂鸣器报警；通过 HC-R04 超声波模块检测后方来车，距离小于设定最小值时 OLED 显示 “后方来车”；通过三杯式旋转风杯风速检测模块测速，风速超设定最大值时蜂鸣器报警；支持按键设置各参数阈值，OLED 屏实时显示光照、体温、心率、经纬度、风速等数据；通过 SIM900A 短信模块，在参数超限时发送报警短信给监护人；通过 ESP8266-12F WIFI 模块实现远程监控各项数据。
该智能头盔突破了传统头盔的功能局限，从环境适配、身体监测、路况预警、事故响应等多维度保障骑行安全，为骑行者提供全方位的安全防护与便捷服务，同时便于监护人实时掌握骑行者状态，有效降低骑行风险，提升骑行安全保障水平。
关键词：单片机；智能头盔；安全监测；骑行防护；远程预警
Helmet Design Based on Single Chip Microcomputer
Abstract
With the popularization of cycling and commuting, cycling safety issues are increasingly receiving attention. Traditional helmets can only provide basic head protection and cannot cope with potential risks such as insufficient lighting, oncoming traffic, abnormal body temperature and heart rate of riders, and collision accidents. In addition, it is difficult to notify guardians in a timely manner after accidents occur, which can easily delay rescue opportunities. Therefore, developing an intelligent helmet that integrates multi-dimensional safety monitoring and warning functions is of great significance for improving cycling safety and ensuring the health and well-being of riders.
This design proposes an intelligent helmet based on STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller. The main functions of the system include: obtaining the ambient lighting value through the 5516 lighting detection module, and automatically turning on the LED lighting when the lighting is below the set minimum value; The MLX90614 infrared temperature measurement module detects the rider’s body temperature, and the MAX30102 module detects the heart rate. When the value exceeds the set maximum value, the buzzer will sound an alarm; Real time latitude and longitude are obtained through the ATGM332D-5N GPS module and displayed synchronously on the OLED screen; Detect collisions through the SW-420 vibration module, and trigger a buzzer alarm when a collision occurs; When detecting oncoming vehicles through the HC-R04 ultrasonic module and the distance is less than the set minimum value, the OLED displays “oncoming vehicles from behind”; By using a three cup rotating wind cup wind speed detection module to measure speed, the buzzer will sound an alarm when the wind speed exceeds the set maximum value; Support button setting of various parameter thresholds, OLED screen displays real-time data such as lighting, body temperature, heart rate, latitude and longitude, wind speed, etc; Send an alarm message to the guardian through the SIM900A SMS module when the parameters exceed the limit; Remote monitoring of various data is achieved through the ESP8266-12F WIFI module.
This intelligent helmet breaks through the functional limitations of traditional helmets, ensuring cycling safety from multiple dimensions such as environmental adaptation, body monitoring, road condition warning, and accident response. It provides riders with comprehensive safety protection and convenient services, while also facilitating guardians to grasp the rider’s status in real time, effectively reducing cycling risks, and improving cycling safety assurance.
Keywords：microcontroller; Smart helmet; Safety monitoring; Cycling protection; DEW
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 环境监测模块电路设计
3.4 身体状态检测模块电路设计
3.5 定位与碰撞检测模块电路设计
3.6 通信模块电路设计
3.7 交互与输出模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 光照检测模块子流程设计
4.4 风速检测模块子流程设计
4.5 超声波检测模块子流程设计
4.6 红外测温模块子流程设计
4.7 心率血氧模块子流程设计
4.8 独立按键子流程设计
4.9 OLED显示屏子流程设计
4.10 GPS模块子流程设计
4.11 发送短信子流程设计
4.12 WiFi模块子流程设计
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 光照检测与 LED 照明功能测试
5.3 体温检测与蜂鸣器报警功能测试
5.4 心率检测与蜂鸣器报警功能测试
5.5 GPS 定位与 OLED 显示功能测试
5.6 碰撞检测与声光报警功能测试
5.7 后方来车检测与 OLED 预警功能测试
5.8 风速检测与蜂鸣器报警功能测试
5.9 阈值设置与 WIFI 远程监控功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序