设计说明书
总字数：18000+
摘要
随着全球对清洁能源需求的不断增长，太阳能作为可再生能源的重要组成部分，其利用效率备受关注。传统固定安装的太阳能板，因无法实时跟随太阳方位变化，存在光照接收不充分、光电转换效率低的问题；同时，在雨天、强风等恶劣天气下，太阳能板易受损，且锂电池充电过程中缺乏有效保护，影响系统使用寿命。因此，研发一种能自动追光、适应恶劣天气且具备充电保护功能的太阳能系统，对提升太阳能利用效率、保障设备安全具有重要意义。
本设计提出了一种基于 STM32F103C8T6 单片机的太阳能自动追光系统。系统主要功能包括：通过四个 5516 光敏电阻检测不同方向光照强度，为追光提供数据依据；利用两个 SG90 舵机控制太阳能板转向光照最强方向，提升光电转换效率；当太阳能板跟随至最西边时，自动复位至东边，确保次日正常追光；通过电压式雨水检测模块检测降雨，下雨时自动将太阳能板树立以避免雨水浸泡，借助三杯式旋转风杯模块检测风速，风速超最大值时将太阳能板放平以防损坏；通过太阳能板为锂电池充电，搭配电压采集电路检测锂电池电压，电压超最大值时通过继电器切断充电回路，保护锂电池；支持四个按键手动控制太阳能板上下左右旋转，第五个按键实现自动 / 手动模式切换；通过 OLED 显示屏实时显示光照强度、风速、锂电池电压及太阳能板状态等数据。
该太阳能自动追光系统的作用在于，为太阳能高效利用提供了智能化解决方案。自动追光功能可大幅提升太阳能板光照接收效率，增加发电量；恶劣天气自适应保护功能能有效延长设备使用寿命；锂电池充电保护机制可避免过充损坏，保障系统稳定运行；手动 / 自动双模式切换则提升了系统使用灵活性，适用于家庭、小型光伏电站等多种场景，推动太阳能资源的高效、安全利用。
关键词：单片机；太阳能自动追光系统；光照检测；舵机控制；恶劣天气保护；充电保护
Abstract
With the continuous growth of global demand for clean energy, solar energy, as an important component of renewable energy, has attracted much attention for its utilization efficiency. Traditional fixed installation solar panels suffer from insufficient light reception and low photoelectric conversion efficiency due to their inability to track changes in the sun’s orientation in real time; Meanwhile, in adverse weather conditions such as rainy days and strong winds, solar panels are prone to damage, and there is a lack of effective protection during the charging process of lithium batteries, which affects the service life of the system. Therefore, developing a solar energy system that can automatically track light, adapt to harsh weather, and has charging protection function is of great significance for improving solar energy utilization efficiency and ensuring equipment safety.
This design proposes a solar automatic tracking system based on STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller. The main functions of the system include: detecting the intensity of light in different directions through four 5516 photoresistors, providing data basis for tracking light; Using two SG90 servos to control the solar panel to turn towards the direction with the strongest illumination, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency; When the solar panel follows to the westernmost point, it automatically resets to the east to ensure normal light tracking the next day; By using a voltage based rainwater detection module to detect rainfall, the solar panel is automatically erected to avoid soaking in rainwater. With the help of a three cup rotating wind cup module, the wind speed is detected. When the wind speed exceeds the maximum value, the solar panel is placed flat to prevent damage; Charging lithium batteries through solar panels, coupled with voltage acquisition circuits to detect the voltage of the lithium batteries. When the voltage exceeds the maximum value, the charging circuit is cut off through a relay to protect the lithium batteries; Support four buttons to manually control the up, down, left, and right rotation of the solar panel, with the fifth button enabling automatic/manual mode switching; Real time display of data such as light intensity, wind speed, lithium battery voltage, and solar panel status through OLED display screen.
The function of this solar automatic tracking system is to provide an intelligent solution for efficient utilization of solar energy. The automatic tracking function can significantly improve the light receiving efficiency of solar panels and increase power generation; The adaptive protection function for adverse weather conditions can effectively extend the service life of equipment; The lithium battery charging protection mechanism can prevent overcharging damage and ensure stable system operation; The manual/automatic dual-mode switching enhances the flexibility of system usage and is suitable for various scenarios such as households and small photovoltaic power plants, promoting the efficient and safe utilization of solar energy resources.
Keywords：microcontroller; Solar automatic tracking system; Light detection; Servo control; Severe weather protection; Charge Protection
目 录
1 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.3 主要内容
2 系统总体方案设计
2.1系统总体设计
2.2 主要模块方案选择
3 系统硬件设计
3.1 总体硬件框架
3.2 主控模块电路设计
3.3 光照检测模块电路设计
3.4 舵机驱动模块电路设计
3.5 天气检测模块电路设计
3.6 充电保护模块电路设计
3.7 按键模块电路设计
3.8 显示模块电路设计
4 系统程序设计
4.1 编程软件介绍
4.2 系统主流程设计
4.3 独立按键
4.4 风速检测模块子流程设计
4.5 雨水检测模块子流程设计
4.6 光照检测模块子流程设计
4.7 电压检测模块子流程设计
4.8 OLED显示流程设计
4.9 舵机模块子流通
5 实物制作与功能测试
5.1 实物制作
5.2 光照检测与追光功能测试
5.3 恶劣天气保护功能测试
5.4 充电保护功能测试
5.5 手动控制与模式切换功能测试
5.6 OLED 显示功能测试
6 总结
参考文献
致谢
附录A 原理图
附录B PCB
附录C 主程序
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