设计说明书
总字数：25900+
基于LoRa的农业土壤墒情监测节点的设计
摘要
在现代化智慧农业种植场景中，土壤墒情是反映农田土壤含水状况、指导精准灌溉、保障农作物良性生长的核心环境参数。传统农田土壤水分监测多采用人工定点采样检测的方式，存在监测范围有限、数据更新滞后、人力投入成本高、无法实现农田墒情全天候动态监测管控等问题，难以适配规模化、集约化农业种植的智能化管理需求。本文设计一款基于STM32F103C8T6单片机的LoRa农业土壤墒情监测节点系统，采用分层架构实现农田土壤水分数据的采集、传输、显示与云端远程管控。系统从机搭载YL69土壤湿度传感器，实时采集田间土壤水分含量数据，依托LoRa无线通信模块实现数据远距离、低功耗传输，将监测数据稳定上传至系统主机；主机接收从机传输的土壤墒情数据后，通过OLED显示屏完成数据本地实时可视化展示，同时搭载NB-IoT通信模块将监测数据远程上传至阿里云物联网平台，实现数据云端存储与解析，最终同步下发至手机移动端，支持农户随时随地远程查看农田土壤墒情状态。系统配套太阳能供电方案，通过XL1509-5V稳压模块将太阳能收集能量存储于锂电池，为监测节点硬件设备持续稳定供电，有效保障野外农田无人值守监测的长效运行。本系统解决了传统农业土壤墒情监测人工操作繁琐、实时性差、监测连续性不足、远程管控难度大的行业痛点，实现了农田土壤水分数据自动化采集、无线远距离传输、本地实时显示与云端远程监测一体化，有效提升农业土壤墒情监测的智能化、精细化水平，为智慧农业精准灌溉、农田水土资源高效利用提供技术支撑，具备广泛的田间应用价值与推广前景。
关键词：土壤墒情，STM32F103C8T6单片机，LoRa无线通信，NB-IoT通信
In the scenario of modern smart agricultural planting, soil moisture is a core environmental parameter that reflects the water content of farmland soil, guides precision irrigation, and ensures the healthy growth of crops. The traditional manual fixed-point sampling and detection method for farmland soil moisture has many shortcomings, such as limited monitoring range, lagging data update, high labor cost, and inability to realize all-weather dynamic monitoring and management of farmland soil moisture, which is difficult to adapt to the intelligent management needs of large-scale and intensive agricultural planting. This paper designs a LoRa agricultural soil moisture monitoring node system based on STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller, which adopts a hierarchical architecture to realize the collection, transmission, display and cloud remote management of farmland soil moisture data. The slave unit of the system is equipped with a YL69 soil moisture sensor to collect real-time data of field soil water content, and relies on the LoRa wireless communication module to realize long-distance and low-power data transmission, stably uploading the monitoring data to the system host. After receiving the soil moisture data transmitted by the slave unit, the host realizes real-time local visual display of the data through the OLED display screen. Meanwhile, it is equipped with an NB-IoT communication module to remotely upload the monitoring data to the Alibaba Cloud IoT platform for cloud data storage and analysis, and finally synchronize the data to the mobile terminal, enabling farmers to remotely check the farmland soil moisture status anytime and anywhere. The system is equipped with a solar power supply solution, which stores the solar energy in lithium batteries through the XL1509-5V voltage regulator module to provide continuous and stable power supply for the monitoring node hardware, effectively ensuring the long-term unattended monitoring operation in farmland. This system solves the industry pain points of traditional agricultural soil moisture monitoring such as cumbersome manual operation, poor real-time performance, insufficient monitoring continuity and difficult remote management. It realizes the integration of automatic collection, long-distance wireless transmission, local real-time display and cloud remote monitoring of farmland soil moisture data, effectively improves the intelligent and refined level of agricultural soil moisture monitoring, provides technical support for precision irrigation of smart agriculture and efficient utilization of farmland water and soil resources, and has extensive field application value and promotion prospects.
Keywords: Soil moisture content, STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller, LoRa wireless communication, NB-IoT communication
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